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Native Americans have made up an integral part of U.S. military conflicts since America's beginning. Colonists recruited Indian allies during such instances as the Pequot War from 1634–1638, the Revolutionary War, as well as in War of 1812. Native Americans also fought on both sides during the American Civil War, as well as military missions abroad including the most notable, the Codetalkers who served in World War II. The Scouts were active in the American West in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Including those who accompanied General John J. Pershing in 1916 on his expedition to Mexico in pursuit of Pancho Villa. Indian Scouts were officially deactivated in 1947 when their last member retired from the Army at Fort Huachuca, Arizona.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=20th Century Warriors: Native American Participation in the United States Military )〕 For many Indians it was an important form of interaction with white American culture and their first major encounter with the whites’ way of thinking and doing things.〔Dunlay, Thomas W. Wolves for the blue soldiers: Indian scouts and auxiliaries with the United States Army, 1860-90. University of Nebraska Press, 1982.〕 ==Recruitment and enlistment== Recruitment of Indian scouts was first authorized on 28 July 1866 by an act of Congress. ''"The President is authorized to enlist and employ in the Territories and Indian country a force of Indians not to exceed one thousand to act as scouts, who shall receive the pay and allowances of cavalry soldiers, and be discharged whenever the necessity for further employment is abated, at the discretion of the department commander''."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=A Century of Lawmaking for a New Nation: U.S. Congressional Documents and Debates, 1774 - 1875 )〕 There were different types of scouts, some enlisted as Indian Scouts for brief terms and there were others who were hired as scouts by the U.S. Army. Some individual may have served at different times as a hired scout and an enlisted scout. Prior to the act in 1866 these scouts were considered employees rather than soldiers. Enlistment records and muster rolls, from 1866 to 1912 were in many instances filed by state, some records were broken down by company or military post providing information such as when, where, and by whom the scout was enlisted; period of enlistment; place of birth; age at time of enlistment; physical description; and possibly additional remarks such as discharge information, including date and place of discharge, rank at the time, and if the scout died in service.〔Plante, Trevor. (2009, Summer). Researching U.S. Army Indian Scouts, 1866–1914 . Prologue Magazine, 41(2)〕 Indian scouts who were officially enlisted in the army after 1866 were issued old pattern uniforms from surplus stock legally exempt from sale. Their uniforms were worn with less regulation, sometimes mixed with their native dress. In 1870, Captain Bourke of the 3rd cavalry described Apache scouts in Arizona as “almost naked, their only clothing being a muslin loin-cloth, a pair of point toed moccasins and a hat of hawk feather”. In 1876 a description of Crow Scouts reads that they wore, “an old black army hat with top cut out and sides bound round with feathers, fur and scarlet cloth”. With the availability of army clothing some Native scouts took advantage of the availability of the clothing. In 1902 when new regulations were introduced in March the U.S. Scouts received a new more regulated uniform.〔Field,Ron. US Army Frontier Scouts 1840-1921. Great Britain: Osprey Publishing Ltd., 2003.〕 In the Indian wars following the U.S. Civil War, the Indian scouts were a fast-moving, aggressive, and knowledgeable asset to the U.S. army. They often proved to be immune to army notions of discipline and demeanor, but they proved expert in traversing the vast distances of the American West and providing intelligence—and often a shock force—to the soldiers who sought hostile Indians. Pawnee Scout leader Luther H. North commented, "Neither the Wild Tribes, nor the Government Indian Scouts ever adopted any of the white soldier's tactics. They thought their own much better."〔Van de Logt, Mark. ''War Party in Blue: Pawnee Scouts in the U.S. Army.'' Norman: U of OK Press, 2010, p. 37〕 Another chief of scouts, Stanton G. Fisher, emphasized the importance of Indian Scouts by saying of the soldiers, “Uncle Sam’s boys are too slow for this business."〔Hampton, Bruce. ''Children of Grace: The Nez Perce War of 1877. New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1994, p. 216, 243〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「United States Army Indian Scouts」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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